Publications
Now showing items 81-120 of 157
EIB Working Paper 2021/09 - Market finance as a spare tyre? Corporate investment and access to bank credit in Europe
(2021)
We estimate a FAVAR with Bayesian techniques in order to investigate the impact of loan supply conditions on euro area corporate investment and its financing structure. We identify shocks to overall demand and loan supply ...
Shock waves from turbulent times: How EU businesses recalibrate supply chains
(2025)
Uncertainty and trade disruptions caused by a series of geopolitical upheavals over the past decade continue to shake global trade and production models. The European Union has learned from recent shocks, and a variety of ...
EIB Working Paper 2024/01 - Dynamics of productive investment and gaps between the United States and EU countries
(2024)
After the global financial crisis, investment fell more substantially than it had in the wake of previous recessions. With investment seemingly recovering faster in the United States than in Europe, the fear of a lasting ...
Food for change (Volume 9)
(2019)
Massimo Bottura is more than a Michelin star-winning chef. Together with Lara Gilmore, he also founded Food for Soul, a non-profit organisation seeking to reduce food waste through social inclusion and mitigate the carbon ...
EIB Working Paper 2022/03
(2022)
Small and medium-sized firms play a key role in the European economy. This paper uses statistical methods to estimate the effects of EIB financial support on European companies between 2008 and 2015. It shows that the ...
European firms and climate change 2020/2021
(2021)
The European Union’s COVID-19 recovery plan could be the impetus businesses need to invest in climate measures and prepare for the transition to a net-zero carbon economy. Our newest climate report looks at how firms’ view ...
EIB Working Paper 2021/10 - The simpler, the better
(2021)
In this paper we assess the merits of financial condition indices constructed using simple averages versus a more sophisticated alternative that uses factor models with time varying parameters. Our analysis is based on ...
EIB Global Impact Report 2024/2025
(2025)
Discover how the EIB is shaping a more resilient, sustainable, and inclusive world though its support to countries outside the European Union. The EIB Group Global Impact Report 2024/2025 offers a compelling look into ...
EIBIS 2020 - EU overview
(2020)
The EIB Investment Survey gathers unique insights on the corporate investment landscape in the European Union. It is an essential tool that outlines companies' needs for finance and the constraints that prevent them from ...
Finance in Africa
(2021)
Africa’s recovery from the COVID-19 crisis will depend on private firms sustaining and creating jobs. But even previously thriving enterprises have been badly hit by the crisis. This report outlines the consequences of the ...
The EIB in the city
(2019)
"City, transformed" has shown how Europe’s cities have developed over the last 50 years. The European Investment Bank has adapted alongside them, building a greater, more focused role in urban development that takes it ...
The story of your city (Volume 1)
(2018)
By the end of this century, 9 out of 10 Europeans will live in an urban area. But what kind of city will they call home? You'll find all the answers in CITY, TRANSFORMED, the new essay series from the European Investment ...
Banking in Africa
(2020)
In its fifth edition, this report focuses on recent developments in Africa’s banking sectors and the policy options for all stakeholders. The study of banking sectors across all African sub-regions includes the results of ...
Győr
(2019)
Located between three European capital cities, Győr has to work hard to attract investment and jobs. The Hungarian city has set itself up to attract innovative companies, creating new urban values such as education-based ...
Why are women entrepreneurs missing out on funding?
(2020)
The study assesses the access-to-risk-capital conditions for women-driven companies in Europe in comparison to the US and Israel to contextualise emergent cross-country and regional barriers and gaps. The study finds that ...
EIB Working Paper 2021/06 - Efficiency and effectiveness of the COVID-19 government support
(2021)
We utilize several unique firm-level datasets in order to assess the efficiency and effectiveness of the government support aiming to curb the economic consequences of the coronavirus (COVID- 19) pandemic. The results, ...
EIB Working Papers 2019/02 - How energy audits promote SMEs’ energy efficiency investment (Volume 2019/2)
(2019)
Energy audits play an important role in promoting energy-efficiency measures in SMEs. This paper uses EIB Investment Survey data about energy audits and energy-efficiency investments of some 12,500 signatures from EU28 ...
Funding women entrepreneurs
(2020)
Intervention is needed to improve women-led companies’ access to finance. In a recent study, EIB’s InnovFin Advisory assessed the availability of finance for women-owned and managed companies in Europe as compared to the ...
Financial Report 2023
(2024)
In 2023, the Bank’s lending signatures amounted to €75.1 billion. This report includes the 2023 financial statements and audit reports for the EIB and the EIB Group.
EIB Working Paper 2020/05 - Financing constraints and employers’ investment in training (Volume 2020/5)
(2020)
Using a representative sample of European firms, this paper studies whether and to what extent financing constraints affect employers’ decisions to invest in employee training. It combines survey data on investment activities ...
Carbon Footprint Report 2022
(2023)
Between 2022 and the 2018 baseline, the EIB Group has reduced its annual gross emissions by over 35%. As COVID-19 restrictions ended in 2022, there was a 125% increase in total gross emissions that same year compared with 2021.
The EIB COVID-19 Economic Vulnerability Index - An analysis of countries outside the European Union
(2020)
Which countries are most vulnerable to a virus such as COVID-19? Which countries should take the most stringent precautions to prevent the spread of such a virus? The EIB COVID-19 Economic Vulnerability Index covers countries ...
Support for female entrepreneurs
(2022)
Women’s economic empowerment has improved rapidly in the last century. Today, many women are not just fully engaged in the workplace; some lead international organisations, corporations and countries. But gender gaps, still ...
EIB Working Paper 2021/12
(2021)
Using macro and firm-level data, this paper investigates the complementarities between investment in different types of tangible assets such as machinery and buildings, and intangible assets such as software, training of ...
EIB Working Papers 2019/08 - Investment
(2019)
In Romania, the share of firms carrying out investment is amongst the lowest in the European Union. This is despite strong economic growth in recent years and persistent needs for upgrading the capital stock in the country. ...
EIB Group Sustainability Report 2020
(2021)
Supporting sustainable and inclusive growth is at the heart of the EIB Group’s lending. The EIB Group 2020 Sustainability Report looks at the impact of our global activities and our own corporate responsibility efforts. ...
EIB Group Carbon Footprint Report 2019
(2020)
The EIB Group has been measuring and managing the environmental impact of its operations since 2007. In that time we have grown to meet the needs of European citizens (and beyond) by providing sustainable finance to tackle ...
Carbon Footprint Report 2020
(2021)
This report provides a comprehensive breakdown of EIB Group greenhouse gas emissions arising from internal operations at head office locations in 2020. It also analyses comparatively against performance in previous years ...
EIB Group Sustainability report 2022
(2023)
The EIB Group is responding to the myriad crises facing the European Union -- climate change, the Ukraine war and energy insecurity -- by making sustainable investments that will help the green transition and spur innovation. ...
EIB Working Papers 2019/09 - The impact of international financial institutions on small and medium enterprises
(2019)
IFIs provide funding for SMEs, but what impact does this actually have on these firms? This working paper assesses the impact of funding by the EIB on the performance of more than 5,000 SMEs in eight countries in Central ...
EIB Working Paper 2022/01
(2022)
During the COVID-19 crisis, the European corporate ecosystem avoided major disruptions, and corporate bankruptcy rates even declined. This outcome mostly resulted from the strength of support from monetary, financial ...
Annual Report 2020 on EIB Activity in Africa, the Caribbean, the Pacific, and the Overseas Countries and Territories
(2021)
The European Investment Bank is helping African, Caribbean and Pacific countries in parts of society that are sometimes forgotten — young people, women and girls, small companies, rural villages. We are creating opportunities ...
EIB Group activity in EU cohesion regions 2023
(2024)
This report analyses the EIB Group’s activity in cohesion regions in 2023, with particular emphasis on targeted social investments in key systemic enablers in those regions, such as access to essential services (e.g. ...
The virtuous circle (Volume 7)
(2019)
Imagine an economy in which today’s goods become tomorrow’s resources and nothing is discarded. Ellen MacArthur, the founder of her eponymous foundation, which works to accelerate the transition to a regenerative economy, ...
EIB Working Paper 2022/13 - COVID-19 and the resilience of European firms
(2022)
Past research suggests that economic crisis lead to a reallocation of resources from less productive to more productive firms, with many firms taking action to boost their own productivity. This paper uses data from the ...
EIB Working Paper 2024/08 - Do financing conditions pose a threat to the performance and transformation of SMEs?
(2024)
The availability of internal and external financing sources significantly influences firms’ investments and growth. Even profitable firms with ample financing in normal times can be adversely affected by demand and supply ...
EIB Group Sustainability report 2023
(2024)
Climate change is the big challenge of our generation. The European Investment Bank is helping the world meet this challenge by bringing down emissions in carbon-intensive industries and in many other sectors. In 2023, the ...
EIB Working Papers 2020/03 - Employer provided training in Europe
(2020)
This report looks at employer–provided training in Europe. Starting with a brief outline of the economic theory of training, it turns to recent developments by combining data from two employer surveys, the European Investment ...
Carbon Footprint Report 2023
(2024)
This report offers a detailed analysis of the European Investment Bank Group’s greenhouse gas emissions from its head office operations in Luxembourg for 2023. It includes a comparative performance review against 2022 and ...
Carbon Footprint Report 2021
(2022)
Since the 2018 baseline, the greenhouse gas emissions intensity per employee have fallen by 82% as a result of the social COVID-19 restrictions and of EIB Group's internal decarbonization plan.