This collective book brings together works carried out from 2019 to 2021 in connection with a research project by the CNRS Centre for Franco-Russian Studies on the names of minority language variants. It is part of the theme of languages in minority situations and focuses on the naming of their varieties and their sociolinguistic identification. It is based on field surveys in France and Russia as well as on the need to understand the historical and legal-political contexts of these language naming dynamics. This research, which falls within sociolinguistic typology and the concept of language in this discipline, is based on observations and analyses focusing initially on Occitan and Tatar, with comparisons targeting Basque and Finno-Ugric languages in particular. Despite different parameters (culture, history), similarities emerge on the basis of the selected cases. The name of the geographical variant of a language may function as a local or regional synonym for the language itself, and may not necessarily contribute to competing representations of its encompassing name (for example, Aranese and Occitan, Mishar and Tatar). Nevertheless, it can sometimes also sign or promote tendencies towards linguistic individuation (Nagaybak, for example, in relation to Tatar).