TY  - BOOK
AU  - MacLean, David
AB  - Spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.)) outbreaks are a dominant natural disturbance in the forests of Canada and northeastern USA. Widespread, severe defoliation by this native insect results in large-scale mortality and growth reductions of spruce (Picea sp.) and balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) forests, and largely determines future age–class structure and productivity. The last major spruce budworm outbreak defoliated over 58 million hectares in the 1970s–1980s, and caused 32–43 million m3/year of timber volume losses from 1978 to 1987, in Canada. Management to deal with spruce budworm outbreaks has emphasized forest protection, spraying registered insecticides to prevent defoliation and keep trees alive. Other tactics can include salvage harvesting, altering harvest schedules to remove the most susceptible stands, or reducing future susceptibility by planting or thinning. Chemical insecticides are no longer used, and protection strategies use biological insecticides Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) or tebufenozide, a specific insect growth regulator. Over the last five years, a $30 million research project has tested another possible management tactic, termed an ‘early intervention strategy’, aimed at area-wide management of spruce budworm populations. This includes intensive monitoring to detect ‘hot spots’ of rising budworm populations before defoliation occurs, targeted insecticide treatment to prevent spread, and detailed research into target and non-target insect effects. The objective of this Special Issue is to compile the most recent research on protection strategies against spruce budworm. A series of papers will describe results and prospects for the use of an early intervention strategy in spruce budworm and other insect management.
DO  - 10.3390/books978-3-03928-097-1
ID  - OAPEN ID: 43635
KW  - pheromone mating disruption
KW  - spruce budworm
KW  - insecticide application
KW  - multi-spectral remote sensing
KW  - simulation
KW  - apparent fecundity
KW  - Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens)
KW  - Pinaceae
KW  - Choristoneura fumiferana
KW  - circadian rhythm
KW  - forest protection
KW  - early intervention strategy
KW  - insect population management
KW  - moth
KW  - survival
KW  - Phialocephala scopiformis
KW  - moths
KW  - optimized treatment design
KW  - spatial-temporal patterns
KW  - monitoring
KW  - modelling
KW  - science communication
KW  - decision support system
KW  - population control
KW  - area-wide management
KW  - tortricidae
KW  - insect susceptibility
KW  - egg recruitment
KW  - annual defoliation
KW  - treatment threshold
KW  - Maine
KW  - dispersal
KW  - growth rate
KW  - forest pests
KW  - Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.)
KW  - mixed effect models
KW  - intertree variance
KW  - endophytic fungi
KW  - Acadian region
KW  - insecticides
KW  - defoliation
KW  - Abies balsamea
KW  - Picea glauca
KW  - immigration
KW  - defoliation prediction
KW  - early intervention
KW  - Quebec
KW  - phenology
KW  - aerobiology
KW  - economic losses
KW  - spatial autocorrelation
KW  - foliage protection
KW  - computable general equilibrium model
KW  - economic and ecological cost: benefit analyses
KW  - hardwood content
KW  - plant tolerance
KW  - Lepidoptera
KW  - migration
L1  - https://www.mdpi.com/books/pdfview/book/1958
LA  - English
LK  - https://directory.doabooks.org/handle/20.500.12854/57235
PB  - MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
PY  - 2020
SN  - 9783039280971
SN  - 9783039280964
TI  - Protection Strategy against Spruce Budwormnull
ER  - 
